English language needs for tour guides

English language needs for tour guides This chapter describes the methods of research and explains the methods used in the present study. This chapter is divided into five parts: objectives of the study and the research questions; description of the research types; data sampling and collection procedures; data analysis of the data collected; reliability, validity, and generalizability of the research methods and findings. For the purposes of this study, I will classify the English language skills and functions for tour guides into four main categories. The language skills and elements are composed of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Translation, and vocabulary in tourism including grammar and some useful English expressions will be discussed and included into those four main categories. Objectives of the Study and Research Questions This study aims to investigate present English language needs and benefits of learning English for Vietnamese tour guides. This studies’ data also hopes to reveal some of the problems foreign tourists face when dealing with Vietnamese tour guides, and the language skills and functions that are useful for tour guides to help overcome them. This research tries to answer two of the four main research questions: 2.What are the English language needs required for Vietnamese tour guides? 3.What are the benefits for English speaking Vietnamese tour guides, when compared to those with only their native language? The design of research methods for the present study was based on the most effective and efficient way to answer these two research questions. Research Types Overview of Research Types and Their Characteristics There two main types of research: qualitative research and quantative research. Qualitative research is a research type that is concerned with the study of what goes on in natural settings. The process of this research deals with an inquiry and understanding based on distinct methodologies within the tradition of inquiry that explores a social or human problem. The researcher is the main instrument of data collection to build a complex and holistic picture, to collect words and to analyze this information inductively, and to report detailed views of informants. In designing a study, one works with philosophical assumptions, possible frameworks, problems, and questions; and data collection through techniques such as interviews, observation, documents, and audio-visual materials (Cresswell, 1998). Some examples of qualitative research are: biography, which is a study on a single individual when material is available and accessible; phenomenology, which examines a phenomenon and the meaning it holds for individuals; a grounded theory, which is a study to generate o r develop a theory; an ethnography, which studies the behavior of a culture-sharing group; and a case study, which examines a case bound in time and place and looks for contextual material about the setting of the case. To sum up, it can be seen that qualitative research and quantitative research differ in terms of their key concepts, goals, approaches to design, and the types of problems that researchers have. Therefore, the selection of which research approach is appropriate in a given study depends on the problem of interest, available resources, the skills and training of the researcher, and the audience for the research (ibid). Quantitative research is a type of research that is concerned with an inquiry into an identified problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measuring with numbers, and analyzing data using statistical techniques. Reichardt and Cook 1979 cited in Nunan, 1992 suggest that quantitative research is â€Å"obtrusive, controlled, generalizable, outcome oriented, and assumes the existence of ‘facts’ which are somehow external to and independent of the observer or researcher†. The main characteristics of quantitative research are the following beliefs: reality is something that can be studied objectively; the researcher should remain distant and independent from what is being researched; research is value-free and is based primarily on deductive forms of logic and theories; hypotheses are tested in a cause-effect order; and the research goals are to develop generalizations that contribute to theory and to enable the researcher to predict, explain, and unders tand some phenomena Bogdan and Bilken (1982 cited in Maurice et al, 1987). There are considered to be three general types of quantitative methods: 1. Experiments, which are characterized by random assignment of subjects to experimental conditions and the use of experimental controls; 2.Quasi-experiments, by which studies share almost all the features of experimental designs except that they involve non-randomized assignment of subjects to experimental conditions; and 3. Surveys, which include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or interviews for data collection with the intent of estimating the characteristics of a large population based on a smaller sample from that population (Maurice et al, 1987). Research may sometimes incorporate both quantitative and qualitative methodologies as will this study in order to get the reliability and trustworthiness of the research from results obtained from the questionnaire and the interviews carried out. Type of research in this study This study employed a qualitative approach utilizing some quantitative techniques in a needs analysis for the study of tour guides in Vietnam. The main method of the study was a survey conducted to explore the use of English of tour guides in Vietnam in order to analyze the present needs of using the target language in their workplace. The participants of the study were selected on a basis of convenience and availability. A questionnaire, with of a rating scale, was used for data collection. The data was then analyzed based on simple statistics, looking for averages and simple groupings to identify the needs and problems in order to find answers to the research questions. Sampling procedures in the present study The participants in this study were tour guides who work in the areas of Central, North and South Vietnam including 50 from areas in and surrounding Hue, Da Nang and Hoi An, 25 from the HCM City and surrounding area and 25 from the Hanoi region. The details of the travel agencies were found from the internet websites and from local knowledge. The method to assess the English language needs and problems of Vietnamese tour guides was a questionnaire. Several methods were used to make the questionnaire in order to maintain its reliability and validity. The benefits for the tour guides and the tourism industry were assessed from the interviews conducted. The interviews conducted were mostly limited to the local area with 20 participants from Hue, Da Nang and Hoi An although there were 5 interviews done in HCM City. The Construction of the questionnaire To create the questionnaire used in this study, I reviewed a number of research studies relating to the needs analysis and English for Specific Purposes (ESP discussed in the literature review Chapter 2), and then I reviewed some examples of questionnaires from similar research to find their outlines. Moreover, a wide range of textbooks about English for tourism were studied to find relevant information to use as content in the questionnaire. The first draft of the questionnaire was written in English and created with the objectives of the study and the research questions. The questionnaire was used in this study to obtain information from the tour guides in Vietnam. The questionnaire, given to the tour guides, had five main parts: General information; general opinions; needs of the English language for tour guides; Problems/difficulties faced with English language; and opinions about the benefits of learning English for Vietnamese tour guides. 1.General Information The general information was made up of three sections. The first asked the participants some personal information about their age, gender, education, and the amount of time they had worked as a tour guide. The second section asked about the importance of English, the amount of English they needed to use when they guide international tourists and who they use English language with in their daily tasks. The last part was about their English proficiency. The participants were also asked to rank language skills and elements that they used regularly, and problems with English language they had most. The language skills and elements in this questionnaire were composed of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Translation, and vocabulary in tourism including grammar and some useful English expressions will be discussed and included into those four main categories. 2.General Opinions The second part consisted of two items. Item 1 asked the participants to indicate their feelings about the necessity of English language elements. They were to rank the elements on a scale of 1 to 5 in their opinions: 5=Essential 4=Very necessary 3=Necessary 2=Fairly necessary 1=Unnecessary. Item 2 was about the difficulty of English language elements. The participants were asked to rate their difficulties of English skills again using a rating of 1 to 5. 5=Very difficult 4=Difficult 3=Fairly difficult 2=Not very difficult 1=Not difficult 3.Needs of the English Language for Tour Guides The third part was about the needs of tour guides for the use of English skills or elements in the job. The questions covered information with various English language functions for tour guides. The questions were divided into four main domains of language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Questions about translation, pronunciation, vocabulary in tourism, grammar and expressions were also included. Within each skill, the questions were divided into sub items asking about various roles and the functions for the tour guides. The participants had to rate those answers on a 1 to 5 scale as follows: 5 = Most 4 = A lot 3 = Moderate 2 = A little 1 = Least 4.Problems and Difficulties Faced with English Language For this part the questionnaire was again used, as it was in part three, to discover and confirm problems and difficulties encountered by the tour guides in the daily activities. These questions aimed to point out common issues resulting from miscommunication or lack of understanding when using the English language. Again the participants had to rate those answers on a 1 to 5 scale as follows: 5 = Most 4 = A lot 3 = Moderate 2 = A little 1 = Least 5. The benefits of learning English for Vietnamese tour guides The questionnaire ended with an opened item, allowing the participants to fill in either their comments or suggestions. Some expected benefits were suggested and offered as choices to agree or disagree with. The participants were also asked to rank those benefits in order of importance to them personally and professionally. This was followed up, where possible, with interviews requesting further clarification of their suggested benefits and those that were suggested to them in the questionnaire. Putting ticks in boxes and crossing numbers were ways of answering all the parts of the questionnaire. There were yes/no answers, multiple choice questions and ranked questions. The questionnaire used in the present study was written in English and then translated into Vietnamese to avoid any ambiguity, misinterpretation or problems for the participants. Pilot Study A pilot study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the questionnaire and to identify and eliminate ambiguity in the questions before it was used in the main study. Five people in different areas of the tourism and hospitality industry from the local area in Hue City were the participants in the pilot study, carried out at the beginning of March 2015. Just over one week was allocated for the collection and review of the pilot questionnaire, but due to conflicting schedules it took just over two weeks to get the results. The return rate and the completed questionnaires was 100%. In the pilot questionnaire, an item of ‘others and please specify’ was included at the end of every section, where participants could propose any additional questions or English language expressions and functions they thought should have been asked (see Appendix 2). To administer the questionnaire, the researcher firstly handed out the covering letter to the manager of the chosen people where needed to ask for their permission. The cover letter consisted of an introduction of the research study and the university, the aim of the study, the importance of the study, general instructions and words of thanks to the participants and their management. Then, the questionnaires they could complete were given to the participants. This was then followed by arranging a time and date that the questionnaires could be collected and interviews with the participants could be given. The participants in the pilot study were 4 male participants and 1 female participant. The results of the survey showed that the participants were concerned about the importance of English in their tour guide occupations. They all suggested that speaking was the most important skill they needed in their jobs, followed closely by listening. Writing, reading, vocabulary in tourism, translation, grammar and expressions were the least important. However, concerning their difficulties of using English elements in their jobs, the majority of the participants found listening caused the most issues, followed by speaking (including pronunciation errors). Translation, writing, grammar, language expressions and reading were all considered to have fewer problems for them. Vocabulary for Vietnamese tour guides was generally found to be the least problematic and the easiest to overcome. Main Study After the questionnaire was revised and created based on suggestions and improvements to the pilot study, it was given to, or sent to, the participants selected for the main study: 100 tour guides from different companies and individuals during the first week of April 2015. They were then returned over the following weeks with the last of them received in late April 2015. Similar steps to the pilot study were taken for the collection of data. Firstly a covering letter was submitted, introducing the study, with reference to the Hue University College of Foreign Languages, to the managers and/or owners of the tour companies to get permission. The return rate within this time was 60% and any that were returned later then than April 2015 were left out of the study; only 50% of these were completed correctly and used for the data analysis. Data Analysis The analysis of data in the present study The questionnaires were checked and analyzed using basic statistics. The procedures in the present study looked for specific repeated trends and used, percentages (%), averages (X), and standard deviation (S.D.). The data was analyzed using the following statistical procedures. First, the percentages were used in the analysis of answers, concerning the general background of participants (Part I). Second, a five-point scale was used to score the levels of necessity, difficulty, needs and problems of English language for tour guides in Vietnam (Part II, III, and IV). Third, the information about the central tendency of the scores and Standard Deviation (S.D.) showing a measurement of the dispersion, giving information on the extent to which a set of scores varies in relation to the average score. Averages were used to calculate the level of necessity, difficulty, needs and problems of English language skills for tour guides in Vietnam. Fourth, scores were weighted to rank the needs and problems of English language elements for tour guides in Vietnam. A specific weight, as illustrated below, was assigned for each specific rank: RankWeighted Scores 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 Finally, the reliability of the responses for those items, which used a five-point scale was tested. Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability. Definitions of Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability Reliability is the extent to which an independent researcher, on analyzing one’s data, would reach the same conclusions and, a replication of one’s study would yield similar results. There are two types of reliability: internal reliability, which refers to the consistency of the results obtained from a piece of research; and external reliability, which refers to the extent to which independent researchers can reproduce a study and obtain results similar to those obtained in the original study (Nunan, 1992). Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what it is designed to measure. Researchers and experts in the field are persons who decide that an instrument is observing what it is set out to observe. Two approaches of establishing the validity of a research instrument are logic and statistical evidence. There are three types of validity: face and content validity (the judgment based upon the logical link between the questions and the objectives of the study); concurrent and predictive validity (the judgment based on the degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome and how well an instrument compares with a second assessment done concurrently); and construct validity (the judgment based upon statistical procedures) (Kumar, 1996). Generalizability is the way of drawing logical conclusion, or making an inference from certain results which explains some important implications of the results or is related to the research questions. Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability in the Present Study Reliability To check the reliability of the questionnaire, I used an internal reliability check for consistency of the results obtained from the study. The questionnaire used in the pilot study was considered to be more than satisfactory for the purpose of this study. Validity To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the first draft of the questionnaire was constructed and revised based on recommendations from the participants and other people in the field. In the present study, the researcher used face to face interviews about the questionnaire to determine opinions on the validity. I then constructed the questions in the questionnaire based on the objectives of the study and the research question being asked. By checking the validity, each question or item on the scales and the questionnaire content must have a logical link with the objectives. The judgment that the questionnaire and interviews was measuring what it was supposed to, was based upon the relevant inferences the findings had to the study. Moreover, the validity of the questions was also checked by the participants in the pilot study. Generalizability This study used a mostly quantitative approach with three established needs including sampling, reliability and validity checking. Therefore, the results obtained could be generalized to the target population, the tour guides in Vietnam. This chapter has dealt with the research methodology and the design of the present study. The objectives of the study and research questions; research types; data sampling and collection procedures; data analysis of the data collected; reliability, validity, and generalizability of the research methods and findings were also discussed. The results of the present study will be presented in the following chapter.

Ib Economics Comentary

IB ECONOMICS – INTERNAL ASSESSMENT FRONT COVER School code: Luanda International School * Candidate Name: Noel Castellanos * Candidate Number: * Teacher: Sebastian Sanogueira * Title of the article: China's inflation falls to 1. 8 per cent, giving Beijing more room to stimulate slowing economy * Source of the article: Canadian Businesses http://www. canadianbusiness. com/article/94646–china-s-inflation-falls-to-1-8-per-cent-giving-beijing-more-room-to-stimulate-slowing-economy (accessed on: 27/08/2012) Date the article was published: 09/08/2012 * Date the commentary was written: 01/09/2012 * Word Count: 774 * Section of the syllabus the article relates to: Macroeconomics When talking about macroeconomics, two of the main goals of the government are to keep inflation low and constant and keep the economy growth high and stable. Inflation can be define as a persistent, substantial rise in the general level of process related to an increase in the volume of money and resul ting in the loss of value of currency and economic growth can be defined as a steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy.These two goals go hand on hand, as in many ways they depend on each other. The last few years China has experienced a high rate of inflation mainly due to a 2. 4% rise in food prices, which has provoked a slowdown in the economic growth of the country. This was caused because the aggregate supply of the country decreased. Aggregate supply is defined as the total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period.The decrease of the aggregate supply caused a shift in the short run aggregate supply curve to the left, and consequently increased prices and decreased the real output of the economy, slowing the economic growth, as shown in the graph below. The decrease of the real output would probably lead to higher unemployment rate, since companies would not have the same ability to pay all of t he employees because companies are not making as much money, so cuts would have to be made. Unemployment rate is defined as the percentage of the work force that is unemployed.Chinese manufacturing barely grew in July. The reason for these was because the high prices eventually led to a decrease on the aggregate demand, as people would try to spend less and save more, shifting the aggregate demand to the left (AD – AD1). Aggregate demand is define as the total  amount  of goods and services demanded  in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. With a decrease in aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the real output would decrease even more, affecting the money spent in the manufacture of the country. This is shown in the graph below.What China has been trying to do to increase the economic growth is to cut interest rates, and pump money into the economy through high spending on building low-cost housing and other public works. By cutting i nterest rates, people are more willing to borrow money and spend it in the economy, increasing the economic growth of the country. In August inflation fell to 1. 8%, from a 2. 2% of the previous month and even higher inflation rate the previous year. With the lower inflation rates, the government has more room to make cuts in the interest rates and take other measures to increase the economy.The problem with this is that the decrease of the steady decrease of inflation can make China to enter in a period of deflation. Deflation can be defined as a general decline in prices. This can potentially be very dangerous for the economy. The reason being that because of the prices decreasing, consumers would save money expecting lower prices, decreasing aggregate demand, shifting the aggregate supply curve to the left (AD – AD1) decreasing the average price level and the real output, which would lead to decrease in aggregate demand shifting the aggregate supply curve to the left (SRAS – SRAS1). This would create even more deflation and repeat the same process again, making worst and worst creating a downward spiral, as shown in the graph below. This would create very high unemployment, as companies? revenues and wages would get lower and lower, and economic growth would decrease even more. In many ways, and according to this evidence, deflation is a far worst case than high inflation, since both have almost the same effect, but deflation is more drastic.The decline of inflation is mainly due to a fall in commodity prices. So to avoid a case of deflation, the Chinese government needs to be very cautious about the economic growth of the economy, because the fastest the increase in the economic growth, the fastest the increase of the prices in commodity prices, making this way, a steady inflation rate in the economy. To keep the economic growth the government could spend more money in the infrastructure of the country, because this would make the consumers m ore confident on spending money.Also the government could try to decrease unemployment by creating job training programs and injecting money to companies, so that they employ more. And finally the government should cut interest rates as much as they can. Bibliography: â€Å"Saturday Sep 1. †Ã‚  Investopedia a Educating the World about Finance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 01 Sept. 2012. ;lt;http://www. investopedia. com/;gt;. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 01 Sept. 2012. ;lt;http://dictionary. reference. com/;gt;.

Gbmt Cilantro Cafe

Global Business Environment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction & History Changed by the revolution SWOT Vision Strategy & Implementation Reasons of success Success of the communication strategy The smart and innovative strategies 7. Recommendation Introduction ? An Egyptian coffee shop company based in Cairo. ? First modern-culture coffee shop in Egypt. History 1999 2000 Two young Egyptian entrepreneurs begin to think about the idea of Cilantro Cafe. Establishment of Delicious Inc. with â€Å"Cilantro† as a trade name. Launch of the first Cilantro Cafe. Within 4 years, the company opened 8 shops in Egypt.Rise of competition. 2004 2005 2008 January, 25th of 2011 End of 2011 El-Sewedy, an Egyptian local group, won the bid against Starbucks chain to make the acquisition of Cilantro. Beginning of the internationalization of the company with the opening of the first outlet abroad in London, UK. Beginning of a popular uprising which became the Egyptian revolution. The company owns aroun d 70 outlets in Egypt. Changed by the revolution ? Breaking away from the government ? Self Concepts ? Belonging to Egypt ? Cilantro Cafe provided values for customer ? Knowledge ? Health ConsciousnessTransition from local to Global process 1 2 Choice of country for franchise Selection criteria for franchisee Contract negotiation 3 4 5 6 Operational preparations Outlet Opening Continuous monitoring & feedback SWOT analysis – Internal Strengths ? Creation of the concept of a modern-culture coffee shop ? Diversified customers ? Value of knowledge and value of health-consciousness. ? Communication strategy: differentiation while creating add ? Value added services. ? Good marketing team ? Maintenance of the company’s key performance indicators SWOT analysis – Internal Weakness Hardly to control the franchise. ? Time consuming for the transition from local to Global process SWOT analysis – External Opportunities ? Domestic development ? A lot of potential pro spects ? Egypt revolution with the merge of Egypt 2. 0 whom new values clearly fitted with cilantro’s ones. SWOT analysis – External Threats ? Rising competition and global competitors. ? The country-of-origin effects and cultural symbolism for an in ternational brand are critical ? Adaptability to globalization Vision Delicious Inc. ? To build new and creative food service concepts ?Maintain & up-grade uniqueness in the products ? Positioning of the brands Strategy ? Increase the brand recognition ? Defend its home market by constantly up-grading what is offered to customers ? Adhering high quality standards and a unique Cilantro Spirit. ? Become an important contributing member of its community. Strategy ? Offer a positive environment for its internal family while ensuring the long-term business goals. ? Provide the â€Å"Cilantro Experience†. Implementation ? Decorations and layouts of the outlets can provide cozy, modern and fresh atmosphere ? Offering a rea ding corner and Online red book Providing healthy, fresh and tasty choices The smart and innovative strategy ? I & U Models ? I-Model ? Makes use of the export / sales ratio of a firm, which is said to reflect the dependence of the firm on international markets ? More suitable for SMEs The smart and innovative strategic ? I & U Models ? U-Model It assumes that a firm gradually increases its Internationalization operations in stages, at first starting small and low risk, building up experience incrementally to take on larger international roles ? PESTEL ? Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal.Success of the communication strategy ? Franchising department stays in continuous contact with the franchisee brand manager and conducts monthly regular audit for each of its outlets Main Reason of Success ? Drastic change in the Egyptian coffee house concept ? Introduced a new category of leisure in Egypt ? Post-revolution ? Strategy of differentiation -Provide a unique Cilantro spirit Further capitalize ? International Bank ? Issue Stocks ? Venture capital Recommendation ? A mix between I and U model is the most valuable strategy be cause it would provide multi-dimensionality. The End.

Racial Discrimination Racism And Discrimination

Racial discrimination has been an ugly face lingering around for generations. It baffles me how it still exists today. It’s interesting to me because how do you know who to discriminate against. What type of individual will promote such distasteful thoughts? Why is racial discrimination still relevant? I guess the real question will be is how to overcome racial discrimination. The beginning of racial discrimination stems from when the European settlers landed in America and conquered the Native Americans. When this event occurred, it led to the highest suicide rate of any group in the United States. Before the 17th century, there is little documentation of racism. After the 17th century, race based slavery arrived on the scene. Race†¦show more content†¦Martin Luther King Jr. lost his life trying to better the lives of African-American people. He was one of the greatest American Civil Rights leaders of the 1960s. He was born in 1929 in the city of Atlanta, Georgia. His father was a minister at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. At fifteen Martin Luther King Jr. was enrolled at Morehouse College. He graduated from there in 1948, and, like his father wanted to become a minister. He made a famous speech that is known as the I have a Dream speech. That speech was an inspiration to millions of African-American people. Martin Luther King Jr. led a protest against segregated buses. It started when an older lady named Rosa Parks, who is now famous for not giving up her seat, was arrested. Martin Luther King Jr. was a very powerful speaker. Power â€Å"is the leader’s potential influence over followers† (Lussier Achua, 2015). Martin wanted to make a change. He was an effective leader. He knew how to lead protests, and how to get people involved. He is the main reason for the equal rights between races that we have today. Although many strides have been made in the depletion of racial discrimination and injustice has been made over time there are still areas in which racial discrimination continues to be an issue. Unfortunately, many of these cracks in civil rights legislation can be found in the workplace as well as other major facets of life where racialShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And Racism1760 Words   |  8 PagesHistorian Robin DG Kelley once said, â€Å"[Racism] is not how you look, it is how people assign meaning to how you look†. In historian Kelleys interview, he directly touches upon discrimination as a concern society neglects to negotiate. Many individuals of color are perceived differently due to their pigment. 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